References & Further Reading

References

Y. Shen and M. Z. Win, Fundamental Limits of Wideband Localization -- Part I: A General Framework, 2010
The canonical tutorial on positioning Cramer-Rao bounds. Introduces the Equivalent Fisher Information Matrix (EFIM) formalism used throughout Section 16.4 and derives the general wideband positioning bound that specializes to all ranging observables.
D. Dardari, P. Closas, and P. M. Djuric, Indoor Tracking: Theory, Methods, and Technologies, 2015
Broad survey of indoor positioning including UWB ranging, cooperative localization, and multipath mitigation. The TOA CRB derivation in Section 16.1 follows this paper's treatment.
H. Keidar and Y. Bar-Shalom, Tracking with Classification-Aided Multiframe Data Association, 2001
Classical reference on multi-anchor tracking and data association. The multi-RTT analysis in Section 16.2 uses the Keidar-Bar-Shalom framework for aggregating independent TOA measurements.
Y. T. Chan and K. C. Ho, A Simple and Efficient Estimator for Hyperbolic Location, 1994
The standard closed-form two-stage estimator for TDOA multilateration. Used as a benchmark for the UL-TDOA discussion in Section 16.2 and cited in most cellular positioning specifications.
E. D. Kaplan and C. J. Hegarty (editors), Understanding GPS/GNSS: Principles and Applications, Artech House, 3rd ed., 2017
The definitive GPS and GNSS textbook. Chapter 11 covers GDOP in detail, which is the conceptual foundation for the geometry analysis in Sections 16.2 and 16.4.
H. L. Van Trees, Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory, Part I, Wiley, 2nd ed., 2001
The classical reference on estimation theory and the CRB. Chapters 2 and 4 contain the joint parameter CRB machinery used in Section 16.3. The ambiguity function treatment motivated the joint range-Doppler estimation from radar.
3GPP, NR Positioning Support; TS 38.305, 2023
The normative specification for 5G NR positioning, covering UL-TDOA, multi-RTT, DL-AOA, and UL-AOA. Section 6.5 defines the signaling procedures and accuracy targets that motivate the cell-free positioning framework in Section 16.2.
F. Liu, Y. Xiong, K. Wan, T. X. Han, Y. Cui, and G. Caire, On the Fundamental Tradeoff of Integrated Sensing and Communications under Gaussian Channels, 2023
CommIT contribution establishing the information-theoretic tradeoff between communication rate and sensing distortion. The Pareto frontier of the rate-PEB region in Section 16.4 follows directly from this result.
F. Liu, C. Masouros, A. Petropulu, H. Griffiths, and L. Hanzo, Integrated Sensing and Communications: Toward Dual-Functional Wireless Networks for 6G and Beyond, 2022
The most-cited ISAC tutorial. Lays out signal models, waveform design, and open research problems. Section 16.5 uses its beampattern optimization formulation and multi-static framework.
E. Bjornson, O. T. Demir, and L. Sanguinetti, Cell-Free Massive MIMO with Multiple-Antenna Users and Imperfect Phase Alignment, 2022
Analysis of phase synchronization requirements in cell-free massive MIMO. Provides the ns-level inter-AP synchronization targets cited in the Engineering Note on cell-free positioning.
O. T. Demir, E. Bjornson, and L. Sanguinetti, Foundations of User-Centric Cell-Free Massive MIMO, 2021
The definitive cell-free massive MIMO monograph. Chapter 2 provides the system model that we specialize for positioning in Section 16.2. Chapter 6 covers channel estimation details used by the joint detection-positioning framework.
I. Atzeni, B. Gouda, and G. Caire, Joint Localization and Channel Estimation for Cell-Free Massive MIMO, 2023
CommIT contribution on joint position and channel estimation in cell-free networks. Develops an iterative scheme where position and channel estimates reinforce each other, approaching the joint CRB. Cited in Section 16.2 as the theoretical foundation for the cell-free positioning framework.
H. Zheng and G. Caire, Fisher Information and Position Error Bound Analysis for MIMO Positioning, 2022
Derives the joint TOA+AOA EFIM for multi-antenna cell-free positioning used in Theorem <a href="#thm-efim-toa-aoa" class="ferkans-ref" title="Theorem: EFIM for Joint TOA+AOA Cell-Free Positioning" data-ref-type="theorem"><span class="ferkans-ref-badge">T</span>EFIM for Joint TOA+AOA Cell-Free Positioning</a>. Shows that the EFIM becomes full-rank per AP once multiple antennas are used, explaining the dramatic PEB improvement with array-capable APs.