References

References

  1. A. F. Molisch, Wireless Communications, Wiley-IEEE Press, 3rd ed., 2023

    Chapters 5–7 provide the most detailed textbook treatment of small-scale fading, channel characterisation, and standardised models. Essential reference for this chapter.

  2. D. Tse and P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, Cambridge University Press, 2005

    Chapter 2 covers the wireless channel with an information-theoretic perspective. Excellent treatment of flat vs frequency-selective and slow vs fast fading.

  3. T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Cambridge University Press, 3rd ed., 2024

    Chapter 5 covers small-scale fading, Rayleigh/Rice distributions, and Doppler effects with extensive measurement data.

  4. P. A. Bello, Characterization of Randomly Time-Variant Linear Channels, IEEE Transactions on Communication Systems, vol. 11, no. 4, 1963

    The foundational paper establishing the four system functions framework for LTV channel characterisation. One of the most cited papers in wireless communications.

  5. W. C. Jakes (ed.), Microwave Mobile Communications, Wiley-IEEE Press, 1974

    Classic reference on mobile radio propagation. Introduced the Jakes fading simulator and the Clarke/Jakes Doppler spectrum model.

  6. R. H. Clarke, A Statistical Theory of Mobile-Radio Reception, Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 47, no. 6, 1968

    Derived the Rayleigh fading model and U-shaped Doppler spectrum from first principles (2D isotropic scattering).

  7. 3GPP, TR 38.901: Study on Channel Model for Frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz, 3GPP Technical Report, Release 17, 2022. [Link]

    The definitive 5G NR channel model specification. Defines GSCM procedures, TDL models, and scenario-specific parameters.

  8. S. Jaeckel, L. Raschkowski, K. Borner, and L. Thiele, QuaDRiGa: A 3-D Multi-Cell Channel Model with Time Evolution for Enabling Virtual Field Trials, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 6, 2014

    Describes the QuaDRiGa channel simulator used for 5G and 6G research. Open-source implementation of 3GPP models with spatial consistency.

Further Reading

For readers who want to go deeper into specific topics from this chapter.

  • Millimeter-wave fading characteristics

    Rappaport et al., "Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Channel Models," IEEE Trans. Commun., 2015

    Covers how fading statistics differ at mmWave (28, 73 GHz) compared to sub-6 GHz, including sparser multipath and higher K-factors.

  • Non-stationary channels for high-mobility

    Wang et al., "A Survey of 5G Channel Measurements and Models," IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., 2018

    Reviews channel models for high-speed train, V2X, and drone scenarios where the WSSUS assumption breaks down.

  • MIMO channel modelling

    Kermoal et al., "A Stochastic MIMO Radio Channel Model with Experimental Validation," IEEE JSAC, 2002

    Extends the single-link fading models to MIMO spatial channels, introducing correlation matrices and Kronecker models (Chapter 11).

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