References

References

1. T. S. Rappaport, S. Sun, R. Mayzus, H. Zhao, Y. Azar, K. Wang, G. N. Wong, J. K. Schulz, M. Samimi, and F. Gutierrez, Millimeter Wave Mobile Communications for 5G Cellular: It Will Work!, IEEE Access, vol. 1, pp. 335–349, 2013

   The seminal paper demonstrating the feasibility of mmWave cellular communications based on extensive propagation measurements at 28 and 73 GHz in New York City. Established the close-in (CI) reference distance path loss model and quantified blockage effects that are central to this chapter.

2. S. Rangan, T. S. Rappaport, and E. Erkip, Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 366–385, 2014

   Comprehensive overview of the potential and challenges of mmWave cellular networks, including propagation characteristics, array signal processing, system-level capacity analysis, and standardisation considerations.

3. R. W. Heath Jr., N. González-Prelcic, S. Rangan, W. Roh, and A. M. Sayeed, An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 436–453, 2016

   Authoritative survey of signal processing for mmWave MIMO including hybrid beamforming architectures, channel estimation, beam training, and the OMP-based precoding algorithm. Essential reading for the hybrid beamforming and beam management sections of this chapter.

4. O. El Ayach, S. Rajagopal, S. Abu-Surra, Z. Pi, and R. W. Heath Jr., Spatially Sparse Precoding in Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1499–1513, 2014

   Introduced the OMP-based hybrid precoding algorithm that exploits the spatial sparsity of mmWave channels. The algorithm selects analog beamforming vectors from a dictionary of array response vectors and designs a low-dimensional digital precoder — the foundation of Algorithm 27.1 in this chapter.

5. T. S. Rappaport, Y. Xing, O. Kanhere, S. Ju, A. Madanayake, S. Mandal, A. Alkhateeb, and G. C. Trichopoulos, Wireless Communications and Applications Above 100 GHz: Opportunities and Challenges for 6G and Beyond, IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 78729–78757, 2019

   Comprehensive treatment of sub-THz (100–300 GHz) communications including atmospheric absorption, propagation measurements, near-field effects, and hardware challenges. Provides the physical foundation for Section 27.5.

6. S. Sun, T. S. Rappaport, R. W. Heath Jr., A. Nix, and S. Rangan, MIMO for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Communications: Beamforming, Spatial Multiplexing, or Both?, IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 52, no. 12, pp. 110–121, 2014

   Analysis of the trade-off between beamforming gain and spatial multiplexing at mmWave frequencies, demonstrating that hybrid architectures can exploit both simultaneously.

7. 3GPP, TS 38.214: Physical Layer Procedures for Data, 3GPP Technical Specification, Release 17, 2023

   The 5G NR specification defining beam management procedures including SSB beam sweeping (P1), CSI-RS based refinement (P2/P3), beam tracking, and beam failure recovery described in Section 27.3.

8. ITU, Final Acts of the World Radiocommunication Conference 2023 (WRC-23), International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, 2023

   Identified upper mid-band (FR3) spectrum for IMT, including portions of 7.125–8.5 GHz and 14.8–15.35 GHz bands. The regulatory foundation for FR3 development discussed in Section 27.4.

9. A. Pizzo, T. L. Marzetta, and L. Sanguinetti, Spatially-Stationary Model for Holographic MIMO Small-Scale Fading, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 1964–1979, 2020

   Develops the Fourier plane-wave representation of electromagnetic channels, providing a rigorous framework for near-field MIMO and the spatial degrees of freedom analysis in Section 27.5.

10. T. S. Rappaport, G. R. MacCartney Jr., M. K. Samimi, and S. Sun, Wideband Millimeter-Wave Propagation Measurements and Channel Models for Future Wireless Communication System Design, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 63, no. 9, pp. 3029–3056, 2015

    Detailed comparison of the CI and floating-intercept (FI) path loss models, demonstrating the superior physical grounding and cross-frequency stability of the CI model used in Section 27.1.

11. C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, Wiley, 3rd edition, 2005

    Standard reference for antenna array theory including the Fraunhofer distance, array factor, and beam pattern analysis foundational to the near-field and beamforming discussions.

Further Reading

• mmWave channel modelling and measurement campaigns

  Hemadeh et al., "Millimeter-Wave Communications: Physical Channel Models, Design Considerations, Antenna Constructions, and Link-Budget," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 20, no. 2, 2018

  Comprehensive survey covering mmWave channel models, measurement methodologies, antenna designs, and system-level link budget analysis across 28, 39, 60, and 73 GHz bands.

• Codebook design for mmWave beam management

  Xiao et al., "Hierarchical Codebook Design for Beamforming Training in Millimeter-Wave Communication," IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 15, no. 5, 2016

  Detailed treatment of multi-resolution codebook design for hierarchical beam search, including deferred decision algorithms that improve robustness against stage errors.

• Sub-THz hardware and circuits

  Sengupta et al., "Terahertz Integrated Electronic and Hybrid Electronic-Photonic Systems," Nature Electronics, vol. 1, pp. 622–635, 2018

  Covers the state of the art in sub-THz circuit design including CMOS and SiGe power amplifiers, mixers, and antenna-on-chip integration approaches relevant to the hardware discussion in Section 27.5.

• Near-field MIMO communications

  Cui et al., "Near-Field MIMO Communications for 6G: Fundamentals, Challenges, Potentials, and Future Directions," IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 25, no. 4, 2023

  Comprehensive tutorial on near-field MIMO covering spherical-wave channel models, beam focusing, spatial degrees of freedom analysis, and practical system design for large arrays at high frequencies.