References

References

  1. F. Gustafsson and F. Gunnarsson, Mobile Positioning Using Wireless Networks: Possibilities and Fundamental Limitations Based on Available Wireless Network Measurements, 2005

    Comprehensive tutorial on radio-based positioning fundamentals, covering TOA, TDOA, AOA, and RSS measurement models together with the associated Cramer-Rao bounds. Provides an accessible introduction to the geometric and statistical foundations of the field.

  2. K. Witrisal, P. Meissner, E. Leitinger, Y. Shen, C. Gustafson, F. Tufvesson, K. Haneda, D. Dardari, A. F. Molisch, A. Conti, and M. Z. Win, High-Accuracy Localization for Assisted Living: 5G Systems Will Turn Multipath Channels from Foe to Friend, 2016

    Landmark paper articulating the paradigm shift from multipath mitigation to multipath exploitation for positioning. Develops the theoretical framework showing that multipath components provide additional Fisher information for localisation, and demonstrates the concept of virtual anchors from specular reflections.

  3. E. Leitinger, F. Meyer, F. Hlawatsch, K. Witrisal, F. Tufvesson, and M. Z. Win, A Belief Propagation Algorithm for Multipath-Based SLAM, 2019

    Develops a scalable belief propagation algorithm for radio-SLAM using a factor graph formulation. Handles data association uncertainty, appearing/disappearing features, and unknown numbers of virtual anchors. Demonstrates sub-metre positioning accuracy with a single base station in indoor environments.

  4. 3GPP, TS 38.305: NG-RAN; Stage 2 Functional Specification of UE Positioning in NG-RAN, 3GPP, Release 18, 2023

    The authoritative 3GPP specification for 5G NR positioning, defining the positioning architecture (LMF, NRPPa, LPP), all RAT-dependent positioning methods (DL-TDOA, DL-AoD, UL-TDOA, UL-AoA, Multi-RTT), and the PRS/SRS-for-positioning signal designs. Essential reference for the 5G positioning framework.

  5. H. Wymeersch, J. Lien, and M. Z. Win, Cooperative Localization in Wireless Networks, 2009

    Seminal paper on cooperative positioning, where nodes (both anchors and agents) share measurements to jointly estimate all positions. Introduces the concept of the spatially coupled Fisher information and the equivalent Fisher information for each node, showing that cooperation can dramatically improve positioning in anchor-sparse environments.

  6. Y. Shen and M. Z. Win, Fundamental Limits of Wideband Localization --- Part I: A General Framework, 2010

    Rigorous derivation of the Fisher information matrix for wideband localisation, connecting signal bandwidth, antenna configuration, and channel multipath structure to positioning accuracy limits. Introduces the ranging information and direction information decomposition of the position FIM.

  7. C. Gentner, T. Jost, W. Wang, S. Zhang, A. Dammann, and U.-C. Fiebig, Multipath Assisted Positioning with Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, 2016

    Introduces Channel-SLAM, the approach of using individual multipath components as virtual anchors for single-BS positioning. Demonstrates that tracking MPCs over time enables joint estimation of the UE trajectory and the reflector positions, achieving metre-level accuracy with a single transmitter.

  8. J. A. del Peral-Rosado, R. Raulefs, J. A. Lopez-Salcedo, and G. Seco-Granados, Survey of Cellular Mobile Radio Localization Methods: From 1G to 5G, 2018

    Comprehensive survey tracing the evolution of cellular positioning from analogue systems to 5G. Covers measurement methods, algorithms, standardisation, and performance across all generations. Excellent for historical context.

Further Reading

For readers who want to go deeper into specific topics from this chapter.

  • Fundamental limits of localisation and the SPEB

    Y. Shen, H. Wymeersch, and M. Z. Win, 'Fundamental Limits of Wideband Localization --- Part II: Cooperative Networks,' IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 4981--5000, Oct. 2010

    Extends the FIM framework to cooperative networks where nodes help each other localise. Introduces the squared position error bound (SPEB) and the concept of equivalent Fisher information, providing the most complete theoretical treatment of positioning limits in wireless networks.

  • 5G NR positioning signal design and performance

    S. Dwivedi, R. Shreevastav, F. Munier, J. Nygren, I. Siomina, Y. Lyazidi, D. Shrestha, G. Lindmark, P. Ernstrom, E. Stare, S. M. Razavi, S. R. Muruganathan, G. Masini, A. Budianu, and F. Gunnarsson, 'Positioning in 5G Networks,' IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 59, no. 11, pp. 38--44, Nov. 2021

    Industry perspective from Ericsson on 5G positioning, covering PRS design, Multi-RTT and DL-TDOA performance in realistic deployments, and the path from Release 16 to Release 18 enhancements. Bridges theory and practice.

  • Machine learning for indoor positioning

    F. Zafari, A. Gkelias, and K. K. Leung, 'A Survey of Indoor Localization Systems and Technologies,' IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 2568--2599, 3rd Quart. 2019

    Comprehensive survey covering WiFi, Bluetooth, UWB, and cellular fingerprinting methods, including deep learning approaches. Useful for understanding the data-driven side of positioning that complements the model-based methods in this chapter.

  • Joint communication and sensing (JCAS) for positioning

    F. Liu, Y. Cui, C. Masouros, J. Xu, T. X. Han, Y. C. Eldar, and S. Buzzi, 'Integrated Sensing and Communications: Toward Dual-Functional Wireless Networks for 6G and Beyond,' IEEE JSAC, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 1728--1767, Jun. 2022

    Positioning is a key use case of JCAS, where the same waveform serves both communication and sensing/positioning purposes. This paper provides a comprehensive treatment of JCAS for 6G, connecting directly to the positioning framework in this chapter.

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