Chapter 4: Type Hints, Testing, and Modern Python

Learning Objectives

• Add type annotations to scientific code using generics, TypeVar, and ParamSpec
• Implement runtime validation with Pydantic for simulation parameters
• Write parametrized tests with pytest for numerical code with tolerance checking
• Profile Python code and identify bottlenecks using cProfile and line_profiler
• Package scientific code with pyproject.toml and proper dependency management