Chapter 5: Large-Scale Propagation

Learning Objectives

• Derive the Friis transmission equation and free-space path loss from first principles
• Explain reflection, diffraction, and scattering mechanisms and their impact on received power
• Apply the two-ray ground-reflection model and identify the breakpoint distance where the $d^4$ regime begins
• Use empirical models (Okumura–Hata, COST-231, 3GPP) to predict path loss in various environments
• Model large-scale shadowing as log-normal fading and compute outage probability and coverage area
• Understand the principles of ray tracing for site-specific propagation prediction